“Do what you love and you never have to work a day in your life.”Sounds like a beautiful and oh-so-simple idea. Of course, we all know that reality is a tad different -- that not everyone can find their passion or true vocation, can follow it and live happily ever after. Sometimes, life gets in the way. But still—is it possible to find your drive? And if so, how? Before we look for the answers, let’s take a step back and “begin at the beginning,” as the King from Alice in Wonderland famously proclaimed. Motivation is one of the main reasons we do things—take an action, go to work (and sometimes overwork ourselves), create goals, exercise our willpower. There are two main universally-agreed upon types of motivation –internal (intrinsic) and external (extrinsic). The intrinsic kind is, by inference, when you do something because it’s internally fulfilling, interesting or enjoyable—without an expectation of a reward or recognition from others. Extrinsic motivation is driven by exactly the opposite—externalities, such as the promise of more money, a promotion, or any other material advantage. And of course, we all know about the big debate about money. It’s surely an external driver, but is it possible that it can sometimes make us enjoy what we do more? A meta-analysis that reviewed 120 years of research found a weak link between job satisfaction and money.((Harvard Business Review: Does Money Really Affect Motivation? A Review of the Research)) And what’s more—there is some evidence to suggest that more money can actually have an adverse effect on your intrinsic motivation. Regardless of its type, motivation is still important to get you moving, to improve, excel, and put that extra effort when you feel like you don’t have a single drop of energy left to keep going. So, let’s see what some of the best ways are to make yourself tick and how you can help yourself to keep the fire going, even when you’d rather just indulge in some dolce far niente, or in pleasant idleness, and wished you didn’t have to do anything at all.
Why Internal Motivation Tops External Motivation
“To be motivated means to be moved to do something.”((Contemporary Educational Psychology: Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions))Generally speaking, we all need motivation. An avalanche of research, though, shows that when it comes to finding the lasting drive to “do something,” internal incentives are much more powerful that external. Why? It’s simple. There is a great difference when you engage in something because “I want to”, as opposed to “I must.” Just think about the most obvious example there is—work. If you go to work every day, dragging your feet and dreading the day ahead of you, how much enjoyment will you get from your job? What about productivity and results? Quality of work? Yep, that’s right—you definitely won’t topping the Employee of the Month list anytime soon. The thing with external motivation is that it doesn’t last. It’s susceptible to something psychologists call Hedonic Adaptation.((Scientific American: The Science of Lasting Happiness)) It’s a fancy way of saying that external rewards are not a sustainable source of happiness and satisfaction. When you put in 100-hour weeks in order to get promoted and you finally are, how long does your “high” last? The walking-on-a-cloud feelings wear off quickly, research tell us, making you want more. Therefore, you are stuck on a never-ending “hedonic treadmill” – i.e. you can progressively only become motivated by bigger and shiner things, just to find out that they don’t bring you the satisfaction you hoped for, when you finally get them. Or, as the journalist and author Oliver Burkeman wonderfully puts it:((The Guardian: Is the secret of productivity really just doing what you enjoy?))
“Write every day” won’t work unless you want to write. And no exercise regime will last long if you don’t at least slightly enjoy what you’re doing.
Benefits of Internal Motivation
If you are still unconvinced that doing things solely for kudos and brownie points is not going to keep you going forever, nor make you like what you do, here is some additional proof: Studies tell us that intrinsic motivation is a generally stronger predictor of job performance over the long run than extrinsic motivation.((European Journal of Business and Management: Impact of Employee Motivation on Employee Performance)) One reason is that when we are internally driven to do something, we also enjoy it and we want to do it. So, we keep going, day in and out, because we feel inspired, driven, happy and satisfied with ourselves. Another reason has to do with the fact that intrinsic motivation is intertwined with things as higher purpose, contributing to a cause, or doing things for the sake of something bigger than ourselves or our own benefit. A famous study done by the organizational psychologist Adam Grant is case in point.((Adam Grant : Impact and the Art of Motivation Maintenance: The Effects of Contact With Beneficiaries on Persistence Behavior)) By showing university fundraisers how the money donated by alumni can help financially struggling students to graduate from college, their productivity increased by 400% (!) a week. The callers also showed an average increase of 142% in time spent on the phone and 171% increase in money raised. Internal motivation has been found to be very helpful when it comes to academia too. Research confirms that the use of external motivators, such as praise, undermine students’ internal motivation and in the long-run, it results in “slower acquisition of skills and more errors in the learning process.”((Grand Valley State University: The Effect of Rewards and Motivation on Student Achievement)) In contrast, when children are internally driven, they are more involved in the task at hand, enjoy it more, and intentionally seek out challenges. Therefore, all the research seems to allude to one major revelation: Intrinsic motivation is a must-have, if you want to save yourself the drudgery we all sometimes feel when contemplating the things we should-do or must-do.6 Ways to Enhance Your Intrinsic Motivation
So, how does one get more of the good stuff—that is, how do you become internally motivated? There are many things (luckily!) you can do to become more driven. Here are the ones that top my list.1. Self-Efficacy
The theory of self-efficacy was developed by the American-Canadian psychologist Albert Bandura in 1982.((Encyclopedia Britannica: Albert Bandura)) Efficacy is our own belief in whether we can achieve the goals we set for ourselves. In other words, it’s whether we think we “got what it takes” to be successful at what we do. It’s not hard to further see the link of self-efficacy to higher self-esteem, better performance, and of course— enhanced motivation. People with high self-efficacy are more likely to put extra effort in what they do, to self-set more challenging goals, and more driven to improve their skills.((Educational Psychologist: Goal Setting and Self-Efficacy During Self-Regulated Learning)) Therefore, the belief that we can accomplish something serves as a self-fulfilling prophecy—it motivates us to try harder to prove to ourselves that we can do it. And actually accomplish it. You can learn more about self-efficacy in this article: What Is Self Efficacy and How to Improve Yours2. Link Your Actions to a Greater Purpose
In one of my previous posts - How to Get Unstuck in Life and Live a More Fulfilling Life - I wrote about the importance of finding your WHY in life—that is, to be clear with yourself on why do you do what you do and what drives you. And no matter how mundane a task may be, it can always be linked to something bigger and better. Psychologists call this “reframing your narrative.” Remember the famous story of John F. Kennedy visiting NASA in 1961? As it goes, he met a janitor there and asked him what he did at NASA. The answer was:“I’m helping to put a man on the Moon.”Inspirational, isn’t it? Re-phrasing how your actions can help others and leave a mark in the universe can be a powerful driver and a meaning-creator .
3. Volunteer
Volunteering—that is, helping others or doing things not for personal gain or profit—is a great way to give back to the world. It can also help boost your internal motivation by making you feel important in supporting the less fortunate, by learning new skills, by feeling good about yourself, or by linking to some of your inner values, as kindness and humanitarianism.((University of Minnesota: The Motivations to Volunteer: Theoretical and Practical Considerations)) When you remove any external reward expectations and do something for the pure joy and fulfilment of improving others’ lives, then you are truly intrinsically motivated. And who knows—perhaps the good feelings and the inner drive will spill-over the other areas of your life and will help you see the value of giving your best without anticipating fame and glory.4. Don’t Wait Until You “Feel Like It” to Do Something
A great piece in Harvard Business Review points out that when we say things as “I can’t make myself go to the gym” or “I can’t get up early,” what we actually mean is that we don’t feel like it.((Harvard Business Review: How to Make Yourself Work When You Just Don’t Want To)) There is nothing that psychically prevents us from doing those things, apart from our laziness. But here is the thing: You don’t have to “feel like it” in order to take action. Sometimes, so it happens that you may not want to do something in the beginning; but once you start, you get into the flow. Have you been into such situations? For instance, you don’t feel like going to the gym after a long day at work. Rather than debating in your head for hours “for and against” it, just go. Tell yourself that you will think about it later. Once in the gym, surrounded by other similar souls, you suddenly won’t fee that tired or uninspired. Another way to overcome procrastination is to create routines and follow them. Once the habit sets in, suddenly getting up at 6 am for work won’t be so dreadful anymore or writing for an hour every day (if your goal is to finish a book).5. Self-Determination, or the CAR Model (As I Call It)
The Self-Determination theory was created by two professors of psychology from the University of Rochester in the mid-80s—Richard Ryan and Edward Deci.((Richard Ryan and Edward Deci: Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions)) The theory is one of the most popular ones in the field of motivation.((Richard Ryan and Edward Deci: Self-Determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Development, and Well-Being)) It focuses on the different drivers behind our behavior—i.e. the intrinsic and extrinsic motivators. There are three main needs, the theory further states, that can help us meet our need for growth. These are also the things which Profs. Deci and Ryan believed to be the main ways to enhance our internal motivation—Competence, Autonomy and Relatedness (CAR). If our jobs allow us to learn and grow, and if we have enough autonomy to do things our way and be creative, then we will be more driven to give our best and our performance will soar. In addition, as humans are social beings, we also need to feel connected to others and respected. All of these, separately and even better—in combination, can become powerful instigators to keep us thriving even when we feel uninspired and unmotivated .6. Tap into a Deeper Reason
Some interesting research done in 2016 sought answers to how high-performing employees remain driven when their company can’t or won’t engage in any ways to motivate them—intrinsically or extrinsically.((Nick Tasler: How some people stay motivated and energized at work—even when they don’t love their jobs)) The study tracked workers in a Mexican factory, where they did exactly the same tasks every day, with virtually zero chances for learning new skills, developing professionally, or being promoted. Everyone was paid the same money, regardless of performance. So there was no extrinsic motivation at all, other than keeping one’s job. A third kind of motivation was then discovered, which scientists called “family motivation.” Workers who agreed more with statements as “I care about supporting my family” or “It is important for me to do good for my family” were more energized and performed better, although they didn’t have any additional external or internal incentive to do so. The great thing about this kind of driver is that it’s independent of the company one works for or the situation. It taps into something even deeper—if you don’t want to do something for your own sake, then do it for the people you care for. And this is a powerful motive, as many can probably attest to this.Final Thoughts
Frederick Herzberg, the American psychologist who developed what’s perhaps still today the most famous theory of motivation, in his renowned article from 1968 (which sold a modest 1.2 million reprints and it the most requested article from Harvard Business Review One More Time, How Do You Motivate Employees? wrote:((Harvard Business Review: One More Time: How Do You Motivate Employees?))“If I kick my dog, he will move. And when I want him to move again, what must I do? I must kick him again. Similarly, I can charge a person’s battery, and then recharge it, and recharge it again. But it is only when one has a generator of one’s own that we can talk about motivation. One then needs no outside stimulation. One wants to do it.”Herzberg further explains that the so-called “hygiene factors” (salary, job security, benefits, vacation time, work conditions) don’t lead to fulfillment, nor motivation. What does, though, are the “motivators”—challenging work, opportunities for growth, achievement, greater responsibility, recognition, the work itself. Herzberg realized it long ago... Internal motivation tips the scales when it comes to finding long-term happiness and satisfaction in everything we do, and to improving our overall wellbeing. In the end, the next time when you need to give yourself a bit of a kick to get something done, remember that “just go with it and bear it” is far from the best way to successfully accomplish whatever you need to do. Rather, try to link it to a goal bigger than yourself and preferably one that has non-material benefit. And no, don’t say that you tried but it’s just impossible to find the motivation. Remember the janitor at NASA? Because once you find your internal generation, you will be truly unstoppable.
More About Motivation
- 9 Types of Motivation That Make It Possible to Reach Your Dreams
- How to Get Motivated and Be Happy Every Day When You Wake Up
- How to Crush Your Lack of Motivation and Always Stay Motivated
- 8 Steps to Continuous Self Motivation Even During the Difficult Times
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